Air pollution is a growing concern worldwide, with its detrimental effects on respiratory health becoming increasingly evident. The combustion of fossil fuels and industrial operations releases invisible but harmful gases, including sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which can exacerbate cardiovascular illnesses and contribute to the development of asthma.

Furthermore, specific air pollutants such as ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), and SO2 have been extensively linked to respiratory issues. This aspect makes it mandatory to understand the relationship between air pollution and respiratory diseases.

The Harmful Culprits

• Ozone (O3): Ozone, a secondary pollutant formed by volatile organic compounds, is a vital factor in respiratory distress. Prolonged exposure to elevated ozone levels can result in inflammation, reduced lung function, and respiratory symptoms.
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): NO2, primarily emitted by burning fossil fuels, is a critical pollutant associated with respiratory problems. It irritates the airways, heightens susceptibility to respiratory infections, and worsens asthma symptoms.
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): Power plants and industrial processes primarily emit SO2 through the combustion of fossil fuels. Exposure to elevated SO2 levels can irritate the respiratory system, trigger asthma attacks, and contribute to respiratory disease development.
• Particulate Matter (PM): These fine pollutants can infiltrate the respiratory system, causing inflammation, reduced lung function, and respiratory symptoms. PM originates from various sources, including vehicle emissions, industrial activities, construction sites, and biomass burning.

Vulnerable Populations

Young children exposed to air pollution face detrimental consequences, including slower lung growth, delayed brain development, and an increased risk of asthma. As individuals age, their bodies become less adept at compensating for environmental risks. The most vulnerable groups include infants, young children, and senior citizens. For instance, air pollution significantly raises the risk of pneumonia, claiming the lives of nearly a million children under five years old, making it the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Moreover, air pollution exhibits both short- and long-term effects on human health, with studies demonstrating its negative impact on cognitive performance in older adults and its particular harm to children, who appear to be the most susceptible.

How Does Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution Contribute to the Development and Progression of Chronic Respiratory Conditions?

The components and sources of pollutants can vary significantly based on location, season, and time, influencing the health effects of air pollution. Consequently, individuals, particularly those suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), should take precautionary measures. These include limiting outdoor activities during high pollution periods and using masks when necessary.

Additionally, adopting clean fuels and upgrading stoves for efficient energy burning, with proper ventilation to expel emissions outside, can significantly reduce indoor air pollution.

Conclusion

Understanding the complex interplay between air pollution and respiratory diseases is crucial for mitigating the adverse health effects of air pollution. By understanding the specific pollutants involved and the vulnerable populations at risk, we can take proactive steps to minimise exposure and improve respiratory health. Ultimately, addressing air pollution is not only an environmental imperative but also a vital aspect of safeguarding public health.